Ecology and Population Genetics of Selected Carnivores

Abstract

Carnivores play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance by regulating prey populations, yet many face threats from habitat fragmentation, prey depletion, and genetic isolation. This study aimed to investigate the ecology and population genetics of selected carnivores with a focus on Panthera tigris in Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR), Uttarakhand, using non-invasive scat analysis. A total of 68 field-collected samples and 35 samples from CTR were analyzed, out of which 36 and 27, respectively, yielded DNA suitable for sequencing. Species identification confirmed the presence of Jungle Cat (n=12), Wild Cat (n=1), Rusty-spotted Cat (n=2), Golden Jackal (n=3), and Mongoose (n=4), while all usable samples from CTR were identified as Tiger (Panthera tigris), confirming the reliability of DNA-based scat identification. Population genetic analysis of tiger samples using microsatellite markers indicated low genetic diversity (Ho = 0.248; He = 0.656) with moderate inbreeding. Bayesian clustering (K=3) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components revealed mixed populations and three genetic clusters. Dietary analysis of 26 tiger scats revealed a preference for medium-sized ungulates, with Chital (42.31%) and Sambar (26.92%) as primary prey, followed by Nilgai (15.38%), Wild Pig (11.54%), and Barking Deer (7.69%). The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of non-invasive scat analysis for species monitoring, while highlighting concerns of low genetic diversity in tigers of CTR. Dependence on wild ungulates underscores the importance of prey base management. This study provides valuable baseline data for conservation and management strategies focusing on prey restoration, habitat connectivity, and genetic monitoring to ensure long-term viability of carnivore populations in Corbett Tiger Reserve.