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Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (TuDR)

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TuDR is the digital asset management system which integrates the intellectual output in the form of research articles, PhD theses, and M.Tech / M.E. theses. TuDR facilitates the sharing and exchange of intellectual output of the university.

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Recent Submissions

“In the Company of Oneself” Personality, Anxiety and Self-Concept Clarity in Positive Solitude in young adults aged 18-25 years
(2026-07-04) Wadhwa, Megha; Alreja, Sarika
The present study aims to study the correlations and understand the relationships between personality traits, anxiety, positive solitude and self-concept clarity in the population of young adults from age 18-25 years. This age group was picked up for exploring the relations because most of the previous studies worked with teenagers or children, with very limited support about these constructs in young/emerging adults. The study tries to understand and explore that how various Personality traits affect the preference for positive solitude by a person, PS being the “Ability to experience positive emotions, peace, meaning, and restoration from time spent alone, when that solitude is voluntarily chosen.” – Palgi et.al (2021). A cross-sectional correlational research design was used for the sample of 100 people, where the ratio of males and females was kept almost equal. The assessments were done using the standardized and scientific scales like BFI (for personality testing), HAM-A (for anxiety), the PS scale (for Positive Solitude), and SCC scale (for self-concept clarity). The results found that there was a significant positive relationship between Positive Solitude and personality traits like Openness, Conscientiousness, and negative relations with neuroticism. Agreeableness, and extraversion showed a significant correlation but almost negligible. Positive Solitude was negatively correlated with anxiety stating that people who enjoyed alone time more, were less prone to anxiety. Furthermore, Openness and Conscientiousness came out to be the most significant predictors of Positive Solitude in the regression analysis. For SCC, it showed positive significant relationship with personality traits except neuroticism, and a negative relationship with anxiety, telling that people who have a better understanding of their own beliefs, experience lesser anxiety. It clearly showed a strong positive relation with Positive Solitude, confidently stating that alone time, if used in a recreational way or fruitful manner, can help a person build better understanding about self and contribute to identity formation also. All in all, the study concluded that Solitude, as often confused with Aloneness or Loneliness, if used positively can help person gain peace, meaning in life, emotional regulation, develop interests and get a better understanding about one’s identity. This proves that Positive solitude is a beneficial construct worthy of further studies, also seen to reduce anxiety in general, in young adults.
Socio-cognitive Traits of Social Entrepreneurs and Organisational Hybridity: The Moderating Role of Contextual Factors
(2026-07-06) Panigrahi, Padmanetri; Goyal, Sandeep
Hybrid organisations often combine multiple logics, forms, and identities that are often difficult to reconcile. As a classic example of a hybrid organisation, social enterprises have the explicit aim of fulfilling a social purpose while achieving financial sustainability. They combine aspects of business with charity, thereby representing a unique organisational form. With a decrease in donations and grants and increased focus on self-sustainable organisation, hybrid social enterprises have become key for carrying out social development activities. These organisations combine multiple objectives to varying degrees, thereby representing innovative organisations with multiple goals. Such hybrid organisations confront issues related to resource allocation, establishing appropriate legal structures, acquiring resources, establishing legitimacy, and sustaining financial sustainability. Further, these organisations encounter challenges with member identification, which makes organisational stability difficult. Despite these challenges, we see the proliferation of hybrid organisations across different domains. This thesis addresses this paradox by exploring the impact of individual-level factors on the degree of hybridity of social enterprises. Further, it investigate how contextual factors moderate the relationship between individual factors and the degree of hybridity of social enterprises. Specifically, this thesis had the following objectives in this thesis: a) To explore the impact of the founder’s individual factors on the degree of hybridity of social enterprises. b) To explore the moderating role of contextual (cultural, institutional and market-related) factors on the relationship between individual factors and the degree of hybridity of social enterprises. This thesis has explored this research question by drawing on socio-cognitive theory, institution-based perspectives, and industry-based perspectives to explain variation in the degree of hybridity of social enterprises. Specifically, the thesis considers individual-level socio-cognitive factors of the social entrepreneur, such as opportunity recognition, perceived self-efficacy, and fear of failure, consistent with socio-cognitive theory’s emphasis on how cognitive evaluations shape entrepreneurial behaviour and decision-making. Further, it incorporates institutional-level factors such as post-materialism and state fragility, informed by institution-based perspectives which suggest that entrepreneurial action is shaped by formal and informal institutional environments. Finally, the thesis considers industry-level factors such as market dynamism, drawing on industry-based perspectives that emphasize the role of competitive and environmental conditions in shaping organizational behaviour and strategic responses. These perspectives are important because prior research suggests that organizational creation and strategic orientation are influenced not only by individual-level cognition, but also by broader institutional and industry contexts. The data were collected from secondary sources, including the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, the World Values Survey, the World Governance Indicators Database, and the Heritage Foundation Database. The final sample comprised 3045 observations from 28 countries, yielding an average of 108 per country. Since this thesis includes individual-level characteristics and country-level factors, I employed multilevel modelling to test the hypothesis. The results suggest that individual socio-cognitive factors of social entrepreneurs affect the degree of hybridity of the organisation, and these relationships are contingent upon contextual factors such as postmaterialism, state fragility, and market dynamism. This thesis makes several theoretical contributions. First, it extends opportunity-based and cognitive perspectives in entrepreneurship into the context of hybrid social enterprises by showing how socio-cognitive traits influence not only entrepreneurial action but also the degree of hybridity within organizations. Second, it advances understanding of the emotional foundations of hybrid organizing by demonstrating the constraining role of fear of failure on hybridity. Third, by examining the moderating roles of institutional and market conditions, the thesis develops a multilevel and contextually embedded understanding of hybrid organizing. Finally, the thesis contributes to the hybrid organization literature by conceptualizing hybridity as a matter of degree rather than as a fixed organizational type, thereby accounting for heterogeneity among social enterprises. Overall, the findings suggest that the emergence and development of hybridity are relational and contingent phenomena arising from the interaction between entrepreneurial agency and contextual conditions. The thesis also offers practical implications for social entrepreneurs and policymakers seeking to foster sustainable and contextually responsive social enterprises.
Experimental Investigations Related to Part Strength and Shape Realizability in Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Process
(2026-07-06) Faroze, Faheem; Srivastava, Vineet; Batish, Ajay
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a very popular additive manufacturing technique that fabricates functional parts with complex geometrical features directly from 3D CAD models in a reasonably good time. In the last few decades, fused filament fabrication, also known as fused deposition modelling has been widely explored as one of the low-cost additive manufacturing (AM) processes. FFF is known for its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and material versatility, making it a popular choice in industries such as aerospace, healthcare, automotive, and consumer goods. However, challenges such as anisotropic strength, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness continue to remain areas of research and development. Hence, it becomes essential to thoroughly understand the inherent limitations of the FFF process and identify the key controllable process parameters that can be optimized to enhance the quality of the fabricated parts. In this study, polycarbonate (PC) has been chosen as the material of study owing to its superior mechanical properties, including high strength, impact resistance, and thermal stability, making it ideal for demanding applications in aerospace, automotive, and industrial manufacturing. The study focuses on improving the mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy, and surface quality of FFF-printed PC parts by investigating the influence of four key process parameters: layer thickness, extrusion temperature, printing speed, and extrusion width. As an application of FFF in tooling, the feasibility of fabricating EDM electrodes using rapid tooling techniques was explored. A parametric study has been carried out to quantify the mechanical properties of polycarbonate parts fabricated using the FFF process. Test specimens were produced following the applicable ASTM standards for tensile, flexural, compressive, shear, and impact testing. response surface methodology (RSM) and dimensional analysis were employed to model and analyze the interaction between input parameters and mechanical responses. The results indicated that the following parameters: an extrusion temperature of 270 °C, a layer thickness of 240 µm, a printing speed of 20 mm/s, and an extrusion width of 0.48 mm provides the optimum mechanical strength. Fractographic analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) further validated these findings by revealing the microstructural features associated with each failure mode, including poor adhesion, filament pull-out, and crack propagation along layer lines. Dimensional accuracy and geometric accuracy serve as essential quality indicators in FFFprinted components, especially in engineering applications that demand strict tolerances. This phase of the study aimed to quantify and reduce the dimensions and geometric deviations of PC components manufactured using the FFF technique. To model the complex and nonlinear interactions between these variables and the observed deviations, three machine learning regression models were developed: linear regression (LReg), random forest regression (RFreg), and extreme gradient boosting regression (XGBReg). Among them, the XGBReg model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy in terms of MSE, RMSE, MAE and R2 effectively capturing nonlinear relationships and interactions between input variables. Results confirmed that lower layer thickness, lower printing speed, and narrower extrusion width in combination with higher extrusion temperature contributed to enhanced dimensional accuracy by improving deposition precision and reducing thermal deformation during the build process. Surface quality, which includes both roughness and waviness, is critical to the functional performance, aesthetics, and post-processing needs of FFF components. The effect of the selected process parameters on surface roughness and waviness was thoroughly investigated. Two modeling approaches were employed: response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). While RSM provided interpretable regression-based surface models, the ANN models outperformed RSM in prediction accuracy, particularly in handling complex, nonlinear dependencies between the process inputs and surface outputs. To explore a practical application of FFF beyond structural parts, this research also focused on the development of electrical discharge machining (EDM) electrodes using rapid tooling (RT) techniques. Two different methods were implemented: electroplated rapid tooling (ERT) and casted rapid tooling (CRT). In both methods, polymer templates were fabricated via FFF and subsequently converted into functional copper electrodes—via electroplating in the ERT route and metal casting in the CRT route. These electrodes were then evaluated in actual EDM trials and benchmarked against a conventional solid copper (SC) electrode. The performance metrics included material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR), surface roughness (SR) of the machined workpiece, and tool out-of-roundness (OOR). Results revealed that the ERT electrode offered superior dimensional stability and lower wear, closely matching the performance of the SC electrode. On the other hand, the CRT electrode exhibited higher MRR but suffered from increased wear and dimensional distortion, primarily due to microstructural defects introduced during the casting process. FESEM analysis of the electrode surfaces provided microstructural evidence supporting these performance trends. The successful development of FFF-based electrodes through rapid tooling demonstrates the viability of additive manufacturing in functional tooling applications, paving the way for cost-effective and customized EDM solutions. Overall, this thesis presents a holistic framework for enhancing the performance of FFFprinted PC parts through data-driven optimization and also demonstrates the practical viability of FFF in rapid tooling for EDM applications, contributing valuable insights for the advancement of polymer-based additive manufacturing in both structural and functional domains
Psychological Predictors of Perceived Life Expectancy: Decision-Making Styles, Well-Being, Life Purpose, and Stress
(2026-06-30) Kaur , Harshneet; Alreja, Sarika
Perceived life expectancy ( PLE) reflects a person’s personal estimate of their remaining lifespan and is shaped by psychological and cognitive influences. This study sought to explore how decision-making styles, purpose in life, psychological well-being, and perceived stress influence young adults’ perceptions of their life expectancy. It was proposed that individuals characterized by adaptive decision-making styles, higher purpose in life, greater psychological well-being, and lower levels of perceived stress would report higher perceived life expectancy. Data were gathered from 99 participants through standardized self-report questionnaires, such as the General Decision-Making Styles Scale, Purpose in Life Scale, Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Life expectancy was assessed based on individuals’ own estimates. The study used a correlational research design, and its statistical analyses encompassed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, hierarchical regression, and an independent samples t-test. The results indicated that most psychological factors were not significantly linked to perceived life expectancy. There was no significant link found between decision-making styles, sense of life purpose, and perceived stress with perceived life expectancy. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was found between decision-making styles, psychological well-being and perceived stress. Regression analysis showed that certain aspects of psychological well-being had a small but significant impact on perceived life expectancy, with personal growth acting as a positive predictor and autonomy as a negative one. Differences by gender were also noted: women reported greater psychological well-being and more adaptive decision-making approaches, whereas men reported higher levels of perceived stress and perceived life expectancy. Overall, the findings indicate that perceived life expectancy might not be directly shaped by general psychological traits, but rather affected by wider cognitive, situational, and health-related factors. The study emphasizes how perceived life expectancy is complex and calls for more research that includes further determining variables
Art Therapy as a Protective Factor Against Anxiety and Low Self-Esteem in College Population
(2026-06-29) Goswami, Devanshi; Alreja, Sarika
The present study examines the effectiveness of a structured art therapy intervention in increasing self-esteem and self-efficacy while reducing anxiety among college students aged 18 to 25 years. A total of 200 participants were selected through purposive sampling. A pre-test and post-test control group design was employed, where participants in the experimental group underwent a 6-week art therapy intervention followed by a 1-month follow-up, while the control group received no intervention. The intervention incorporated structured weekly modules including psychoeducation, trigger recognition, mindfulness and grounding skills, stress management strategies, self-compassion practices, and building social support. Findings are expected to demonstrate significant improvements in self-esteem and self-efficacy, along with reductions in anxiety levels, consistent with prior research highlighting the therapeutic value of art-based practices. The study aims to contribute to the limited literature on art therapy interventions among college students and provide evidence-based strategies for enhancing emotional well-being in emerging adults.