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Recent Submissions

Ecology and Population Genetics of Selected Carnivores
(2025-09-02) Pal, Udisha; Gupta, S K; Saxena, Sanjai
Carnivores play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance by regulating prey populations, yet many face threats from habitat fragmentation, prey depletion, and genetic isolation. This study aimed to investigate the ecology and population genetics of selected carnivores with a focus on Panthera tigris in Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR), Uttarakhand, using non-invasive scat analysis. A total of 68 field-collected samples and 35 samples from CTR were analyzed, out of which 36 and 27, respectively, yielded DNA suitable for sequencing. Species identification confirmed the presence of Jungle Cat (n=12), Wild Cat (n=1), Rusty-spotted Cat (n=2), Golden Jackal (n=3), and Mongoose (n=4), while all usable samples from CTR were identified as Tiger (Panthera tigris), confirming the reliability of DNA-based scat identification. Population genetic analysis of tiger samples using microsatellite markers indicated low genetic diversity (Ho = 0.248; He = 0.656) with moderate inbreeding. Bayesian clustering (K=3) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components revealed mixed populations and three genetic clusters. Dietary analysis of 26 tiger scats revealed a preference for medium-sized ungulates, with Chital (42.31%) and Sambar (26.92%) as primary prey, followed by Nilgai (15.38%), Wild Pig (11.54%), and Barking Deer (7.69%). The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of non-invasive scat analysis for species monitoring, while highlighting concerns of low genetic diversity in tigers of CTR. Dependence on wild ungulates underscores the importance of prey base management. This study provides valuable baseline data for conservation and management strategies focusing on prey restoration, habitat connectivity, and genetic monitoring to ensure long-term viability of carnivore populations in Corbett Tiger Reserve.
Identification and analysis of putative allergens in Edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)
(2025-10-30) Yadav, Priyanka; Upadhyay, Atul Kumar; Handa, Vikas
Allergies result from abnormal immune responses to otherwise harmless proteins. In recent years, the incidence of food allergies has increased significantly, necessitating improved methods for allergen identification and risk assessment. While conventional allergen detection methods rely on clinical or laboratorybased protocols, computational approaches offer a faster and scalable alternative for preliminary allergenicity screening. Agaricus bisporus var. burnetti, a widely consumed edible mushroom, remains understudied with respect to its allergenic potential. This study employs a multi-layered in silico strategy to evaluate the allergenicity of Agaricus bisporus proteins using peptide frequency analysis, epitope mapping, and structural modeling. RESULTS Putative allergens were first shortlisted through sequence-based homology screening using FASTA and BLAST, identifying proteins with >50% identity to known allergens in the AllergenOnline database. Amino acid, dipeptide, tripeptide, and tetrapeptide compositions of the full proteome (11,675 proteins), 55 putative allergens, and 2,334 known allergens were compared. Physicochemical property-based predictions from AllergenFP, AlgPred, and AllerTOP further validated the allergenicity of several candidates. 3D structures of key putative allergens were modeled using SWISS-MODEL. Protein-peptide docking simulations conducted via ClusPro 2.0 identified strong binding affinities between modeled epitopes and known IgE-binding domains. Functional classification using Uniprot and GO annotations revealed biological relevance of candidate proteins in stress and defense-related pathways. Peptidomic profiling revealed distinct enrichment of specific short peptides in the allergen datasets relative to the proteome. Linear B-cell epitopes were retrieved from IEDB and matched against putative allergens to uncover immunologically relevant motifs. CONCLUSION 10 This study demonstrates that in silico analysis can reliably identify and characterize putative allergens in Agaricus bisporus var. burnetti from the rest of the proteome. Peptide-level enrichment analysis, epitope mapping, and structurebased validation collectively provide a novel framework for early-stage allergenicity screening in novel food proteins. Keywords: Agaricus bisporus var. burnetti; allergy; food allergy; fungal allergens; peptide enrichment; in silico allergen prediction; cross-reactivity; B-cell epitopes.
Fabrication, Investigation and Characterization of Developed Microwave Processed Copper-Based Composite Castings
(2026-04-09) Bashir, Khalid; Gupta, Dheeraj; Jain, Vivek
Electrical contact wires are essential parts of electrical devices, switches, relays, connectors, and power transmission and distribution systems. Their primary function is to create a consistent pathway for current to pass between two conductive surfaces so that electrical energy can be carried continuously. They are critical in electric railway lines because of their capacity to maintain high conductivity and low resistance, which reduces energy losses and prevents the generation of excessive heat. In electric railway lines, contact points provide a life span and reliability to the conducting wires and reduce the need for regular replacement or maintenance. The new technology needs to be evolved for different types of materials, including fibre-reinforced plastics, metal matrix composites, ceramics, and alloys, to enhance the lifespan. Because even little disturbances at contact points affect the efficiency, stability, resilience, and conductivity and resulting in failure of these wires. The development of sustainable, green, and energy-efficient processing techniques is the main focus of the current situation. Since alternative processing techniques and processes can overcome or mitigate the drawbacks of conventional methods, researchers must look into them. It is expected that the discovered methods will be extremely energy efficient, reduce emissions of CO2 or other undesirable hazardous gases, and yield higher-quality goods at a reasonable processing cost. In the present work, microwave energy is utilised for the melting and casting of powdered metal composites. The domestic microwave oven working at 2.45 GHz and 900 W maximum power is used as a microwave applicator. Microwave hybrid heating was used with charcoal as a susceptor material for melting the W-Mo metal powder particles. For the development of various MMCs, pure copper (Cu) powder was selected as the matrix material, which is approximately 99.53% pure. The reinforcements of Tungsten (W) and Molybdenum (Mo), approximately 99.45% and 99.30% pure, were selected. The matrix and reinforcement powders were premixed in a mechanical mixer to obtain homogeneously mixed powders, with reinforcement weight fractions of 5%, 10% and 15%. The premixed powder was preheated to 200°C and placed in the alumina cavity, which is exposed to microwave radiation for optimum processing times. The alumina cavity was used to cool under atmospheric conditions for the solidification of the castings. The developed castings were characterised using various relevant techniques to study the X-ray diffraction patterns (phase analysis), microstructural characterizations (using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS), mechanical properties (Vickers’s microhardness, density, tensile strength and percent elongation, Grain size), functional characteristics (high temperature sliding wear behaviour) and high temperature electrical conductivity of cast samples. Microstructure of the developed copper cast, which reveals a regular, approximate hexagonal structure that resembles cellular growth during solidification. This type of solidification growth pattern is one of the peculiar characteristics (volumetric) of microwave heating and causes the least temperature gradient. The EDS analysis of microwave-cast pure Cu casting confirms the dominant element of Cu as the main component and some minor elements, including oxygen. Cu - x (5-15 %) W, where x = 5%, 10%, 15% W, casts revealed the presence of Cu and W as the main elements, with some minor peaks of oxygen. While in Cu - x (Mo) where x= (5-15%) Mo casts, x = 5%, 10%, 15% Mo confirms the Cu and Mo as the main elements and some minor peak of oxygen. The XRD pattern of pure copper casting clearly demonstrates copper's presence as an important constituent; however, the presence of the copper oxide phase has also been confirmed. In the Cu-x (5-15 wt.%) W composite castings, the phase peaks display a consistent pattern. The XRD patterns indicate the formation of Cu64O and CuWO4 phases at various positions. The Cu-x (5-15) wt. % Mo composite castings exhibit peak patterns that are highly consistent across all samples. The XRD patterns reveal the formation of Cu64O, Cu6Mo5O18, and MoO2 phases at various positions. All these intermetallic were favoured due to the thermal degradation of reinforcements at higher temperatures. The maximum level of porosity development in microwave-processed castings was 1.11 ± 0.41%, in Cu-5% Mo composite casting and the minimum porosity of 0.65% ± 0.09% for pure Cu castings. The lowest tensile strength was found in microwave processed pure Cu, i.e., 184 ± 2 MPa, while the highest tensile strength was found in Cu-15% W I, e, 301 ± 15.05 MPa with 20 ± 1% elongations. By adding the reinforcements, the load-carrying capacity increased, but hard phases of reinforcement restricted the plastic deformations, thus producing lower elongations. The density of the copper was found to be 87.5 %. with increased reinforcement. Cu-15%W shows the highest density, 98.71%. The Vickers’s microhardness of the microwave cast pure Cu was found to be 61.78 ± 3.08 Hv, while Cu-15% W showed 147.23 ± 7.36 Hv, which is 2.41 times higher than that of microwave processed pure Cu. The average grain size of commercially cast copper was found to be 38.02 ± 2.02. Significant grain refinement was observed in pure Cu, with an average grain size of 27.35 ± 1.36. With the addition of hard reinforcements, Mo and W, further refinement occurred, and the average grain size was reduced to 14.28 ± 0.70 for the Cu-15% Mo composite and 11.29 ± 0.56 for the Cu-15%W composite. The Functional characterization (in terms of pin-on-disc high-temperature wear tests), when exposed to a load of 2 kg, a sliding distance of 1000 m, and a sliding speed of 0.5 m/s, Cu-15%W and Cu-15%Mo composite castings demonstrated the least amount of cumulative weight loss. The minimum wear values were found to be 23.6 mg and 21.67 mg, respectively. However, at a sliding speed of 1.5 m/s and a load of 4 kg, pure copper shows the maximum weight loss, 66.4 mg, over 3000 m. The wear behaviour of Cu-Mo and Cu-W composite castings was significantly affected by changes in normal load, sliding speed, and reinforcement content. An increase in reinforcement content led to a prominent decrease in wear loss. Cu-10% Fe-15% Mo and Cu-10% Fe-15% W dual-reinforced composites are more resistant to wear than their single-reinforced and unreinforced counterparts, primarily due to better bonding, uniform reinforcement distribution, and the formation of stable tribo-oxide layers. For all composites, the coefficient of friction (COF) decreased with increasing sliding speed and load, most likely due to tribolayer formation and thermal softening. Cu-15%W exhibited the lowest COF (~0.25). The high-temperature electrical conductivity behaviour of pure copper and Cu–Mo/ Cu-W composites fabricated through microwave casting over the temperature range of 50-400°C. Pure copper exhibited the highest conductivity, decreasing from approximately 5.8 × 10⁷ S/m at 50°C to about 2.3 × 10⁷ S/m at 400°C due to enhanced electron–phonon scattering at elevated temperatures. The addition of 5-15 wt.% Mo and W led to a systematic decrease in conductivity across the entire temperature range, with Cu-15% composites showing the lowest values (≈1.4 × 10⁷ S/m at 400°C). This reduction is attributed to solute-atom, interfacial, and grain-boundary scattering effects introduced by the reinforcements. Despite the decline in electrical performance, the composites exhibited superior thermal stability and structural integrity at high temperatures. The overall results demonstrate that microwave energy is an effective technique for the melting and casting of pure Cu and Cu-based metal-matrix composites (CMMCs). The developed Cu-15 wt.% W composite exhibits significantly enhanced mechanical properties compared with pure Cu, including an increase of approximately 84% in microhardness, 64% in tensile strength, 13% in density, and about 66.5% improvement in tribological performance. These improvements are highly beneficial for extending the service life of electrical contact wires operating under sliding and impact conditions. Although the addition of tungsten leads to a reduction in electrical conductivity of approximately 74% lower than that of pure Cu, the composite still maintains sufficient current-carrying capability. Therefore, Cu-15 wt.% W can be considered a promising material for durable and energy-efficient electrical contact wire applications.
Isolation and Characterization of Alkaloids from Endophytic Fungi of Argemone mexicana L.: Their Bioactive Potential
(2026-04-01) Fatima; Vasundhara, M.
The present study is aimed to isolate the alkaloid producing endophytic fungi from Argemone mexicana and to investigate their therapeutic potential. Endophytic fungi are symbiotic microorganisms that reside inside the tissues of different parts of the plant. In this study, a total of 42 endophytic fungi were isolated, and 14 isolates were screened for the production of alkaloids. The Dragendroff test confirmed the presence of alkaloids in all crude extracts of the fungal isolates. Further, among all the fungal isolates revealed that AMEF-5 (128.67 ± 0.44 µg/ml), AMEF-9 (100.56 ± 0.36 µg/ml), AMEF-13 (119.78 ± 0.35µg/ml), and AMEF-14 (137.22 ± 0.56 µg/ml) showed the presence of higher alkaloid content. The selected crude extracts were investigated primarily for their bioactive potential. The crude extracts were studied for the preliminary bioassays: antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Out of the 14 isolates, the three extracts, AMEF-5, AMEF-13, and AMEF-14 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, while AMEF-9 showed maximum antibacterial activity. The above four isolates were identified as Acremonium alternatum (AMEF-5), Purpureocillium lilacinum (AMEF-9), Sarocladium implicatum (AMEF-13, and Cladosporium ramotenellum (AMEF-14) based on the ITS sequences. The obtained sequences were submitted to the NCBI database and accession numbers were obtained as OR759012 for Acremonium alternatum, PQ596420 for Purpureocillium lilacinum, PQ605663 for Sarocladium implicatum, and PQ163911 for Cladosporium ramotenellum. The crude extracts of the isolates AMEF-5, AMEF-9, AMEF-13, and AMEF-14 were purified via column chromatography, and fractions were pooled on the basis of the Rf values obtained from TLC. The pooled fraction were evaluated for their different bioactive potential. Out of the eight fractions of AMEF-5, fraction 3 showed maximum inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50 -15.2 ± 0.09 µg/ml), scavenging of the nitric oxide radicals (IC50 -11.38 ± 0.35 µg/ml), protein denaturation (IC50-14.93 ± 0.4 µg/ml), trypsin inhibition (IC50-12.06 ± 0.64 µg/ml), and HRBC stabilization (IC50-11.9 ± 0.22 µg/ml). From the endophytic fungal isolate, AMEF-13, fractions 5 and 6 showed the maximum activity among the other four fractions. Fraction 5 exhibited maximum inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50-17.2 ± 0.5 µg/ml), scavenging of the nitric oxide radicals (IC50-11.04 µg/ml), protein denaturation (IC50 7.57 µg/ml), trypsin inhibition (IC50-11.3 µg/ml), and HRBC stabilization (IC50-6.13 µg/ml). Fraction 6 showed the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50-12.1 ± 0.09 µg/ml), scavenging of the nitric oxide radicals (IC50-13.87µg/ml), protein denaturation (IC50-8.32 µg/ml), trypsin inhibition (IC50-13.76 µg/ml), and HRBC stabilization (IC50-7.34 µg/ml). A total of six fractions of AMEF-14 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, but fraction 5 showed the maximum inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme (IC50-24.3 ± 0.88 µg/ml), scavenging of the nitric oxide radicals (IC50-9.84 µg/ml), protein denaturation (IC50-6.12 µg/ml), trypsin inhibition (IC50-6.95 µg/ml), and HRBC stabilization (IC50-6.21 µg/ml). The preliminary antibacterial activity of the crude extract of the isolate AMEF-9 was more significant than that of the other isolates, and its fractions were further studied for their antimicrobial activity. Out of the 5 fractions of AMEF-9, fraction 3 showed the maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli (IC50-26.98µg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (IC50-27.12µg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC50-22.49µg/ml) and Bacillus megaterium (IC50-18.32µg/ml). Based on the results of bioactivities, fraction 3 (AMEF-5), fraction 3 (AMEF-9), fractions 5 and 6 (AMEF-13), and fraction 5 (AMEF-14) were characterized, and identified as aconitine, strychnine, brucine, piperine and berberine. Present study results suggest that, the endophytic fungi of Argemone mexicana can be used as a sustainable source to explore the untapped alkaloids.
Isolation and Utilization of Anthocyanins from Syzygium cumini as Biocolorants in Food Products
(2026-03-24) Kaur, Darshanjot; Qadri, Ovais Shafiq
The isolation and utilization of anthocyanins have gained significant attention due to their antioxidant properties and associated health benefits, making them valuable across the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. As consumers increasingly favor natural alternatives, anthocyanins are emerging as promising options. Syzygium cumini, despite being rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, remains underutilized. This research investigates the anthocyanin and phenolic profiles of S. cumini, focusing on extraction techniques for obtaining anthocyanin-rich extracts through methods such as ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), natural deep eutectic solvent-assisted UAE (NADES-UAE), and ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction (UAEE). The study optimized UAEE for total anthocyanin content (TAC) yield, establishing optimal conditions of 0.01% enzyme concentration, pH 2, and 10 minutes of sonication. The UHPLC characterization of extracts identified major anthocyanins, specifically cyanidin and malvidin, alongside twenty-three additional compounds, including gallic acid and myricetin. A stability analysis of S. cumini anthocyanin extracts (SCAE) evaluated their resilience under varying temperatures (60, 80, and 100°C), pH levels (2 to 7), light exposure (dark, UV, sunlight), and different storage conditions. The results demonstrated that anthocyanins remained stable at an acidic pH of 2 with reduced degradation in a controlled light exposure (specifically dark) at refrigerated temperatures of 4°C of storage. Moreover, thermal treatments showed a slower degradation of SCAE at 60°C over 60 minutes. Additionally, anthocyanins were incorporated into a fermented whey beverage and a buttermilk yogurt. The incorporation of anthocyanins in a fermented whey beverage indicated freshness/ spoilage, revealing a change in pH from acidic to slightly alkaline, and significant visual color changes pre- and post-fermentation. Moreover, S. cumini anthocyanins were integrated into buttermilk yogurt as a functional food ingredient at concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% over a 15-day period at 4°C. The study measured total anthocyanin content, phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH), pH, water activity, color, syneresis, and viable cell count. The findings highlight the cost-effective extraction of anthocyanins from S. cumini fruit and their potential as functional food ingredients in dairy products, supported by significant health benefits documented in existing literature.