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Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (TuDR)

Welcome to Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Digital Repository (TuDR).

TuDR is the digital asset management system which integrates the intellectual output in the form of research articles, PhD theses, and M.Tech / M.E. theses. TuDR facilitates the sharing and exchange of intellectual output of the university.

TuDR supports the management of scholarly resources of enduring value to Thapar University. Faculty members, students, and research scholars use TuDR services to share their intellectual work with the global academic community.

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Recent Submissions

Identification of Natural αβ-tubulin Inhibitors Using Integrated Virtual Screening and Machine Learning Strategies
(2026-09-20) Dutta, Richa; Goyal, Bhupesh
Microtubules play a crucial role in cell division and are composed of α-tubulin and β-tubulin heterodimeric subunits; they control the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Multiple isotypes of β-tubulin exist in humans, which are tissue-specific. Among them, the β-tubulin subunit is widely expressed in cancer cells that leads to resistance against taxane-based anticancer agents such as paclitaxel, which stabilizes microtubules by binding into the taxane-binding site of the αβ-tubulin heterodimer, addressing the gap, the present study discussed about the potential natural compounds capable of binding at the taxane site of αβ-tubulin heterodimer by exploring alternative scaffolds, offer a potential route to overcome the resistance. A database of 340 natural compounds from the COCONUT natural compound database was screened against the taxane-binding site of αβ-tubulin (PDB: 1JFF) by using AutoDock Vina. Seven potential candidates showing binding affinity of −10.1 kcal/mol or stronger, further integrated with machine learning-based classification was applied to these hits to narrow down these 7 active natural compounds, of which withanolide A and 27-O-acetyl-withaferin A had binding affinities of −10.6 kcal/mol and −10.4 kcal/mol. This study employed molecular docking along with integrated machine learning based virtual screening to check the binding mechanism and stabilization of the potential hits at the taxane binding site of αβ-tubulin heterodimer, molecular docking revealed favorable binding affinities in the taxane binding site of αβ-tubulin heterodimer, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation evaluated through RMSD, SASA, Rg analysis, showed that both withanolide A and 27-O-acetyl-withaferin A significantly reduced the structural fluctuation and influenced the stability of the αβ-tubulin heterodimer relative to the αβ-tubulin heterodimer ( apo), SASA and Rg valued remained the same as the αβ-tubulin heterodimer (apo) for both withanolide A and 27-O-acetyl-withaferin A, which indicates that stabilizing effect is confined to the ligand binding site rather than extending across the whole protein, principal component analysis, revealed αβ-tubulin heterodimer (apo) has explored a wide conformational range. In contrast, ligand-bound complexes occupied the narrower overlapping region, which indicates reduced structural stability on binding of the ligand. In conclusion, the study identified natural scaffolds against the multi-drug resistant αβ-tubulin, which offer a promising foundation for designing new therapeutic approaches for tumors associated with β-tubulin overexpression.
Magnetic Hyperthermia performance of Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles
(2026-09-20) Taniya; Chudasama, Bhupendrakumar
Cancer is a major health concern worldwide, and conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy may be associated with various limitations and unwanted side-effects. Hyperthermia is a promising approach in which elevated temperature is used to damage cancer cells. Among the different hyperthermia techniques, magnetic hyperthermia has attracted considerable interest because magnetic nanoparticles can generate heat when exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Magnetic fluids containing magnetic nanoparticles can therefore provide a suitable medium for investigating controlled heat generation and their potential use in cancer treatment. In the present work, magnetic fluid based on Fe3O4 and MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles with different Mn/Zn compositions were investigated to evaluate their hydrodynamic size and magnetic hyperthermia behaviour. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the nanoparticles dispersed in the magnetic fluids. The obtained Dh values varied nonmonotonically with composition, ranging from 17.7 to 40.9 nm. The smallest hydrodynamic diameter was observed for MZ-0.8 (17.7 nm), while the largest was obtained for MZ-0.4 (40.9 nm), this might be due to different aggregation in fluids. Magnetic hyperthermia measurements were subsequently performed by varying the applied frequency, magnetic-field amplitude, and nanoparticle concentration. The heating response was investigated at frequencies of 242, 411, 580, and 935 kHzzf magnetic-field amplitudes of 4, 7, and 10 mT, and at 100% and 5% concentrations) The results showed that the heating response increased with increasing frequency and magnetic-field amplitude, whereas dilution to 5% concentration resulted in a substantial reduction in temperature rise and heating efficiency. The calculated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) further demonstrated a strong dependence on frequency and composition. Fe3O4 exhibited the highest heating efficiency among all investigated samples, with a maximum SAR of 62.670 W/g at 935 kHz and 10 mT. Within the Mn-Zn ferrite series, MZ-0.2 showed the highest SAR of 5.709 w/g at 935 kHz. The ILP values were consistent with the SAR analysis, with Fe3O4 showing considerably higher normalized heating performance than the Mn-Zn ferrite compositions. Overall, the combined DLS and magnetic hyperthermia results demonstrate that the composition, frequency, magnetic-field amplitude, and nanoparticle concentration significantly influence the heating behaviour of the prepared magnetic fluids. Among the investigated samples, Fe3O4 exhibited the strongest overall magnetic heating response, while MZ-0.2 showed the best heating performance within the Mn-Zn ferrite series. These findings provide useful insights into the composition-dependent heating behaviour of magnetic fluids and their potential for further investigation in magnetic hyperthermia applications.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Biomass Under Solar Irradiation
(2026-09-18) Raina, Pragnaya; Pal, Bonamali
This study aimed at finding ways to harvest hydrogen as sustainable fuel from renewable source using clean and abundant solar energy. Sawdust, a renewable and waste material was used for H2 production, which categorises the harvested hydrogen as ‘green hydrogen’. Initial hydrothermal valorisation of sawdust yielded us cellulose, which was used as the sacrificial agent. Sacrificial agent was then photo-reformed to hydrogen using photocatalyst TiO2 photodeposited with Au, coated with rGO. TiO2, Au and rGO being non-toxic and environmentally friendly didn’t hamper the ‘green’ hydrogen production. TiO2, a semiconductor has band gap of approximately 3.2 eV, which renders it an effective photocatalyst. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hindered by the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs. To overcome this, Au of (1,3,5) wt. percentage was photo-deposited onto TiO2, as metal deposition enhances charge separation. Au also exhibits surface plasmon resonance (SPR), improving light absorption. Among the different loadings tested, 3% Au proved to be the most effective, increasing efficiency without obstructing active sites. Modification of metal loaded photocatalyst with rGO, which is conductive material with π conjugation, helps in further reduction in recombination of electron and holes, this increases the photocatalytic activity, with its best performing wt. % was 10% rGO out of 5, 10 & 12 wt. % rGO on 3% Au-TiO2. Furthermore, the use of biomass, sawdust as sacrificial agent is great aid for activity enhancement, as it is oxidised by photo-generated holes which reduces the recombination rate also increasing the quantum yield of photo-catalytically produced green H2. The research successfully illustrated biomass photo-reforming into green hydrogen, yield up to 296.12 mmol, as verified by gas chromatography.
Performance Analysis of Photonic Ring Resonator for Sensing Application
(2026-09-18) Geetika; Kaler, Rajinder Singh
The growing demand for high-speed communication systems, miniaturised optical components and advanced sensing platforms has accelerated the growth of photonic technologies that are emerging as a replacement for traditional electronic systems. As data traffic increases with advances in artificial intelligence and biomedical research, the limitations of conventional electronic systems, such as bandwidth constraints, response speed and high energy consumption, are becoming significant challenges. Therefore, the global research efforts are increasingly focused on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that are capable of precise signal routing, effective wavelength control and high-performance sensing with low energy consumption. In this context, microring resonators (MRRs) have emerged as a crucial component. Their compact size, high Q factor and wavelength selectivity make them effective in high-speed data transmission and sensing. The work focuses on enhancing the performance of MRR systems used in optical filtering, sensing and switching. Initial investigations on basic MRR architectures, such as all-pass and add-drop configurations, exhibited that these are capable of performing wavelength-selective operations. Their compact design makes them well-suited for integration into photonic circuits. However, they have several limitations, such as limited bandwidth, reduced spectral selectivity, non-uniform passband responses and a trade-off between Q-factor and signal isolation, which limit their use for high-speed optical communication systems. To address these challenges, the present study investigates high-order MRRs designed to achieve flatter spectral responses, a wide free spectral range and improved signal separation for efficient filtering and switching. In addition, highly sensitive MRR based sensors are also presented, which can identify minor changes in the surrounding refractive index, highlighting their potential for biological sensing applications. Thus, the research aims to develop low-loss, reconfigurable and high-performance photonic devices for next-generation integrated optical systems. The work begins by exploring high-order optical filters based on serially coupled MRRs to support efficient on-chip photonic interconnects. Using the transfer matrix method and coupled-mode theory, multiple cascaded arrangements up to the seventh order are designed and analysed through the continued fraction method to achieve flat-top transmission characteristics, steep roll-off, and enhanced group delay. The inter-resonator coupling coefficients are optimised to achieve a maximally flat passband, leading to improved filter characteristics. The results showed that the designed high-order filters provide strong rejection of out-of-band signals and maintain a nearly constant free spectral range (FSR). The proposed design achieved an improved group delay of 7.457 ps at the optimised coupling coefficient, representing excellent spectral performance. The achieved box-shaped spectrum and strong out-of-band suppression prove that the proposed design is well-suited for communication networks and on-chip optical platforms. These characteristics provide a strong foundation for designing compact, low-loss and reconfigurable photonic integrated systems. Additionally, the work also explores applications in optical switching where MRR based structures are employed to implement switches for Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) architectures. These switches are designed to improve on-chip routing, reduced latency and allow for the control of optical signals with improved energy efficiency. Three different switch configurations, i.e. 1×2, 2×2 and CRIT-based 2×2 switch have been developed with a compact footprint. The 1×2 configuration provides efficient wavelength-selective routing exhibiting minimal insertion loss with a high extinction ratio, making it suitable for optical signal selection. The 2×2 design supports bar and cross states and offers flexible signal control with moderate performance trade-offs. The CRIT-based 2×2 switch further improves performance by achieving a narrow transmission bandwidth and reduced power consumption through coherent interference of coupled resonators. These results indicate that compact MRR based switches provide scalable, low-power and high-speed performance for future photonic interconnect applications. The work is further extended by applying ring resonators for sensing applications. In this, two sensor designs, i.e. a butterfly-shaped absorber employing elliptical ring resonators and a multi-ring graphene-based refractive index (RI) sensor are presented. The butterfly-shaped absorber uses three layers comprising a metallic ground plane, a dielectric substrate and a top resonant layer patterned in butterfly geometry. The near-perfect absorption and strong field confinement provides enhance sensitivity to refractive index variations in the surrounding medium. The coupling between electric and magnetic fields enhances resonance sharpness and increases the absorption efficiency, enabling precise detection of even minor analyte changes. After this, the graphene-based sensor integrates multiple ring resonators with a monolayer graphene to achieve tunable multi-band absorption. The tunability of graphene through changes in its chemical potential and relaxation time provides dynamic control on resonance frequency, resulting in a reconfigurable sensor suitable for multiple sensing applications. The coupling between multiple ring resonators enhances the sharpness of the resonance with a higher quality factor leading to enhanced sensitivity. The simulation results indicate red shifts in resonance frequencies with changes in the analyte refractive index, thereby highlighting the suitability of proposed design for biomedical sensing. This design enables multi-analyte detection, thus extending the role of MRRs beyond communication to precision sensing in the THz regime. Overall, this thesis integrates the progress in filtering, switching and sensing photonic design approach based on ring resonator architectures. Each design is supported by simulations and parametric performance analysis, with key parameters thoroughly evaluated and optimised. The progression from single-ring to multi-ring architectures demonstrates consistent improvements in bandwidth, tunability, and energy efficiency, while the proposed configurations exhibit high scalability and compatibility for integration into PICs. Beginning from fundamental optical filtering concepts, advancing towards optical switching, and extending into terahertz (THz) metamaterial and graphene-assisted sensing, the results confirm that optimised architectures can overcome the limitations of conventional devices, offering compact and high-performance solutions for all-optical communication and biosensing applications.
Overexpression and Purification of Arabidopsis thaliana HKT1;1 protein in yeast Pichia pastoris
(2026-09-18) Rishabh; Dutta, Debajyoti
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses on about 20% of the world's irrigated areas. It is a serious issue that compromises world food production. Salt tolerance in plants depends on the regulation of ion homeostasis by membrane transporters AtHKT1;1 of Arabidopsis thaliana is one such crucial transporter. It helps in the retrieval of Na⁺ from the xylem sap to safeguard photosynthetic tissues. AtHKT1;1 has been physiologically validated in several organisms, but there is no report of its functionality in Pichia pastoris, a scalable platform that is ideal for biochemical and structural studies. The purpose of this thesis was to heterologouslyexpress, purify and detect AtHKT1;1 in Pichia pastoris GS115. Transformed cells with the pPICZ-A‑athkt1;1construct was grown in BMGY medium, induced with methanol for 72 h and harvested. Two parallel membrane isolation protocols were tested: direct Sonication followed by solubilization and Zymolyase mediated spheroplast formation followedby Sonication and solubilization. His‑tagged protein was prepared using Ni‑NTA affinity column and eluted with 300 mM imidazole. The level of protein expression and purification was tracked by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with anti‑His and anti‑eGFP antibodies. Elution fractions from both isolation techniques showed a band corresponding to the expected molecular weight on Coomassie-stained gels and Western blots, and the isolation and purification of AtHKT1;1 in Pichia pastoris were successful. The purified protein was kept at –80 °C for future studies. This work represents the first functional validation of AtHKT1;1 produced in P. pastoris and includes a reproducible pipeline for production of AtHKT1;1 that enables further analysis, including interactome mapping and structural characterization.