Iron-oxide Nanoparticles Coated on Helicobacter pylori for Gastric Cancer Treatment via Magnetic Hyperthemia
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TIET
Abstract
Nearly one million cases of gastric cancer are diagnosed annually, making it the fourth most
common cancer worldwide. It is also the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with
approximately 700,000 fatalities each year. There is lack of early symptoms leading to delays
diagnosis of gastric cancer, resulting in a five-year survival rate of just 15%.
Since 1994, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been perceived as a type I carcinogen for gastric
cancer and is now observed as the most prominent etiologic source for cancer linked with
infection, contributing to 5.5% of the cancer burden globally and 25% of all infection-associated
cancers. H. pylori is responsible for 70-85% of gastric ulcers and 90-95% of duodenal ulcers.
Nearly half of the world's population is having H. pylori infection, and while most infected
individuals develop chronic inflammation, many do not exhibit any symptoms.
This work aimed towards developing a technology using a non-pathogenic strain of H. pylori
coated with Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) to specifically target gastric cancer. The approach
leverages hyperthermia-induced activation of the body's natural immune system. Given that H.
pylori naturally infect the human stomach and duodenum, it can effectively deliver treatment to
these tissues. IONPs serve as MRI sensitizers, allowing for the visualization of infected tissues,
and they are responsive to Magnetic hyperthermia. After applying external high-frequency
magnetic field, IONPs generate heat on the surface of the bacteria. This ruptures the bacterial
membrane and in turn, spillage occurs in the tumor microenvironment, thereby activating the
natural immunity. Further, this leads to the infiltration of immune cells like macrophages in the
tumor microenvironment. These activated macrophages then cleanse the spillage along with the
tumor cells. This proposed cancer treatment does not involve chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby
avoiding the unsolicited aftereffects linked with chemotherapy
Description
The thesis entitled “Iron-oxide Nanoparticles Coated on Helicobacter pylori for Gastric Cancer
Treatment via Magnetic Hyperthermia” represents the findings of the study and it is arranged into 5
chapters:
Chapter 1 gives a comprehensive introduction to gastric cancer and explores the existing literature
on the subject, with a particular focus on the therapeutic approach of magnetic hyperthermia. This
2
chapter outlines the background, significance, and current understanding of gastric cancer, followed
by a detailed review of studies and advancements linked with the utilization of magnetic
hyperthermia for treating cancer.
Chapter 2 deals with the discussion of different kinds of terpenes derived from plants and their
potential applications in gastric cancer treatment
Chapter 3 addresses protein-based iron oxide nanoparticles. This formulation aims to achieve
targeted delivery of lactoferrin conjugated with iron oxide nanoparticles (LF-IONPs) to gastric
tissue. When combined with hyperthermia, it is expected to offer enhanced efficacy in the
treatment of gastric cancer.
Chapter 4 delves into the idea of immune activation through hyperthermia-treated Helicobacter
pylori coated with iron oxide nanoparticles. It examines how this method employs the bacterium
as a vehicle to deliver heat-sensitive therapeutic agents to a specific site in the body, with the
goal of triggering the immune system to potentially achieve therapeutic effects.
Chapter 5 discusses a terpene-based nanoformulation involving artemisinin-loaded iron oxide
nanoparticles. It explores the concept that delivering artemisinin conjugated with magnetic
nanoparticles (ART-MNPs) into the gastric tissue, followed by hyperthermia treatment, could
increase the effectiveness of gastric cancer therapy by overcoming tumor cell resistance to
hyperthermia.
Chapter 6 summarizes the key findings, addressing how the research objectives were met and
highlighting the study's contributions and limitations. It also outlines potential future research
directions, suggesting areas for further exploration and practical applications of the findings to
advance the field.