Redefining Masculinity: Role of Positive Masculinity

Abstract

This study explores how young men perceive and internalize masculine identity, focusing on the shift from traditional to positive masculinity. While previous research often highlights negative traits like aggression or emotional suppression, this study emphasizes strengths-based approaches using the Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity (PPPM) model (Kiselica & Carlson, 2010). Through focus group discussions and psychometric scale development, the research examines evolving definitions of masculinity and their implications for male well-being. Previous research has primarily emphasized the negative traits associated with masculinity, such as strength, aggression, toughness, and emotional suppression. In contrast, this study highlighted the principles of The Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity 5 (PPPM) model (Kiselica & Carlson, 2010). This model concentrates on addressing the challenges and harmful effects of restrictive masculinity, focusing on strengths and providing a balanced and positive perspective on masculinity. This study explored the concept of positive masculinity by conducting Focus group discussions (FGDs) with young males. The Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) identified four themes and respective sub-themes: The definition of masculinity, factors contributing to positive masculinity, the bridge between traditional and positive masculinity, and the impact of positive masculinity. Findings highlight the evolving concept of masculinity and its positive effect on males' well-being. Study 1 aims to gather information about the perception of male participating in the conducted focus group discussion, to see and measure impact of positive psychology/positive masculinity model. And from the derived factors and defined understanding from study 1, in study 2 author constructed a psychometric scale to access the understanding of an individual towards positive masculinity. The construction of a psychometric scale involves a systematic, multistage process to ensure reliable and valid measurement of psychological constructs. First, the construct of interest is clearly defined, grounded in theoretical frameworks, and relevant literature is reviewed to determine the scale's necessity and potential domains towards accessment of positive masculinity. After establishing the construct, a comprehensive pool of 55 items is developed, using 5 scale Likert-type response formats. These initial items are generated based on literature, expert opinion, and from the understanding and factors derived through focus group discussion (from previous study) Subsequently, the item pool undergoes expert review for content validity, where subject-matter specialists rate each item's relevance and clarity. Poorly performing items are either revised or discarded. After which a pilot test follows, typically on a sample representative of the intended population, to evaluate item performance and initial reliability statistics. Next, statistical analyses—such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses—are conducted to assess the dimensionality and internal structure of the scale. Items that do not load well on the intended factors are further refined or removed. The resulting scale is subjected to additional psychometric testing, evaluating internal consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha), test-retest reliability, and various forms of validity (construct, convergent, discriminant). Finally, the scale is standardized, and scoring norms are developed, ensuring its applicability for research or clinical purposes. Throughout, the process is iterative, 6 with ongoing refinement based on empirical findings and expert feedback, ensuring that the final instrument demonstrates measurement properties and finally called as